Bais HaVaad on the Parsha, Parshas Beshalach

Going Public

February 6, 2025

Excerpted and adapted from a shiur by Dayan Yehoshua Grunwald

…And they went for a three-day period in the Wilderness, but they did not find water.

Shmos 15:22

The Gemara in Bava Kama says that water refers to Torah, and thus the pasuk indicates that Klal Yisrael went three days without learning Torah. The nevi’im then enacted that the Torah be read publicly on Monday, Thursday, and Shabbos, in order never to go three days without Torah again.

There is a debate among the poskim whether Krias HaTorah is an obligation upon the tzibur or the individual. The majority of Rishonim and Acharonim conclude that it is an obligation on the tzibur.

There appears to be a contradiction in the Mishnah Brurah in this regard. In siman 135, he says clearly that Krias HaTorah is an obligation on the tzibur, but in siman 145 he says that one should not study privately while the Torah is being read, because each individual has an obligation to hear every word.

Perhaps we can answer that when the Mishnah Brurah says Krias HaTorah is an obligation on the tzibur, he means the obligation does not start until a tzibur is present. Once the tzibur has gathered, however, each person must listen to the reading and hear every word.

There are many ramifications of this interpretation of the halacha, one of which would pertain to a woman’s obligation to hear Krias HaTorah. The Maharsham rules that a woman has no responsibility to go to shul to hear the reading, because the obligation is on the tzibur, and a woman is not generally obligated to join a tzibur. If she does come, however, she certainly becomes part of the tzibur, and she is obligated to listen.