Blow by Blow: Tekias Shofar Done Right

By Rabbi Doniel Neustadt Shlit”a

A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE
TEKIOS

One of the most important mitzvos
of Rosh Hashanah is the Biblical command to blow the shofar. Although the
significance of this mitzvah has been expounded at length – Rav Sa’adiah Gaon
enumerates ten different reasons for blowing shofar – still many people are
unfamiliar with the basic procedures involved: how many blasts are sounded, how
long or short must they be, etc. While the tokea (the one who blows the shofar)
and the makri (the individual who instructs the tokea which blast to sound)
must be thoroughly versed in these intricate laws – since it is they who
determine if a particular blast was invalid and must be repeated -still it is
important for the entire congregation to have some degree of familiarity with
the general laws governing this mitzvah.

THE BASIC MITZVAH

The Biblical command is to blow
three sets of blasts on Rosh Hashanah. A set of blasts means one teruah sound
preceded and followed by a tekiah sound. Thus, the sum total of blasts which
one is required to hear on Rosh Hashanah is nine – six tekiah sounds and three
teruah sounds.

The tekiah sound was always well
defined and agreed upon by all authorities – a long, straight (without a break
or pause) blast. The teruah sound, however, was not well understood and the
Rabbis were unsure of how, exactly, it was supposed to sound. The Talmud
describes three possibilities:

Three short, straight blasts –
what we commonly refer to as shevarim;

Nine very short, staccato blasts
– what we commonly refer to as teruah;

A combination of both of the
above sounds – a shevarim- teruah compound.

To satisfy all of the above
opinions, the Rabbis established that the three sets of tekios be blown in
three different ways, alternating the teruah sound in each set. Thus we blow
tekiah shevarim-teruah tekiah (TaSHRaT) three times; tekiah shevarimtekiah
(TaSHaT) three times; and tekiah teruah tekiah (TaRaT) three times. Altogether
that adds up to thirty different blasts: eighteen tekios, three shevarim-teruahs,
three shevarim and three teruahs. This is the minimum number of blasts that
every adult male is required to hear on Rosh Hashanah. These are called tekios
d’myushav, since the congregation is permitted to sit while they are being
blown. In practice, however, it is almost universally accepted to stand during
these tekios.

[A person who is in dire
circumstances (a patient in the hospital, for example) and is unable to hear
(or blow) thirty blasts, should try to hear (or blow) ten sounds: one TaSHRaT,
one TaSHaT and one TaRaT. No blessing, however, is recited over these blasts.]

In addition to these Biblically
required blasts, we blow seventy more. Thirty more are blown during Musaf, ten
each after the Malchiyos, Zichronos and Shofaros divisions of Shemoneh Esrei.
Every adult male is Rabbinically obligated to blow or hear these blasts in
their designated places during the Musaf service. They are called tekios
d’meumad, since one is required to stand while they are being blown.

Finally, it is customary to blow
forty more blasts for a sum total of one hundred blasts. While this custom is
based on several early sources and has been almost universally adopted, there
are various practices regarding when, exactly, they are blown. Generally, these
blasts are blown towards the end of as well as after the Musaf service, and one
should refrain from speaking until after all one hundred blasts have been
blown.

HOW LONG SHOULD EACH BLAST BE?

The length of a tekiah, both
before and after the shevarim or teruah, must be at least as long as the
shevarim or teruah which it accompanies.(12) Thus, since it takes about two to
three seconds to blow a shevarim or a teruah, the tekiah before and after must
be at least two to three seconds long. Since it takes longer than that to blow
the combination shevarim-teruah sound, the tekiah which precedes and follows
these sounds must be longer as well. Most congregations allot about four or
five seconds for each of these tekios. The makri is responsible to keep time.

[It is important to remember that
each tekiah must be heard in its entirety no matter how long it takes. If, for
example, a tekiah is blown for seven seconds, which is much longer than
required, the entire seven seconds’ worth must be heard by the congregation.
Care must be taken not to begin reciting the Yehi ratzon until after the blast
is concluded.]

A teruah is at least nine short
blasts (beeps), although in practice, many more beeps are sounded when the
teruah is blown. No breath may taken between the short beeps; they must be
blown consecutively.

Each shever should be about three
teruah-beeps long. B’diavad the shever is valid even if it is only two beeps
long, provided that all three shevarim are of that length. No breath may be
taken between each shever; they must be blown consecutively.

SHEVARIM -TERUAH -HOW IS IT
BLOWN?

There are two views of how to
blow the shevarim-teruah combination. Some opinions hold that no breath may be
taken between them and even b’diavad, a breath between them invalidates the
blast. Others hold that a breath should be taken between the shevarim and the
teruah [provided that it takes no longer than the split second that it takes to
draw a breath]. The custom in most congregations is to do it both ways; the
tekios before Musaf are blown with no breath taken between the shevarim-teruah,
while the tekios during and after Musaf are blown with a break for drawing a
breath between the shevarim-teruah.

MISTAKES WHILE BLOWING

There are basically two types of
mistakes that the tokea can make while blowing shofar. The most common is that
the tokea tries but fails to produce the proper sound. The general rule is that
the tokea ignores the failed try, takes a breath, and tries again.

The other type of mistake is that
the tokea blows the blast properly, but loses track and blows the wrong blast,
e.g., instead of shevarim he thinks that a tekiah is in order, or instead of
teruah he thinks that a shevarim is due. In that case, itis not sufficient to
merely ignore the wrong blast; rather, the tokea must repeat the tekiah that
begins this set of tekios.

When a tekiah needs to be
repeated, it is proper that the makri notify the congregation (by banging on
the bimah, etc.), so that the listeners do not lose track of which blasts are
being blown.

This was reprinted with permission from copyright holders. We
thank Rabbi Neustadt, Project Genesis, and torah.org.